In this conceptual "cartoon," cylindrical nano-optics are shown embedded in a polycarbonate substrate, where they focus the incident laser light to a spot several times smaller, and a power density several times higher, than otherwise possible.  nanopticsfocus.gif (16530 bytes)
titaniacyl.gif (17157 bytes) Actual cylindrical nano-optics are seen here in cross-section, imaged with a scanning electron microscope. The nano-optics are only 370 nm wide and 200 nm high.  Extremely high refractive index materials, such as silicon or gallium phosphide, can be used for the nano-optics because of their small dimensions.
Hemi-spherical nano-optic array: over 6 billion nano-optics are contained in every square inch of substrate, one for every person on Earth! titaniahem.gif (21899 bytes)